These five steps explain the process an international student can follow to study in a university or college in the U.S.: 1. Research Your Options. Postsecondary education includes six degree levels. These levels include associate, bachelor, first-professional, master, advanced intermediate, and research doctorate. This article reviews the literature on the relatively new field of materials development for language learning and teaching. It reports the origins and development of the field and then reviews the literature on the evaluation, adaptation, production and exploitation of learning materials. It also reviews the literature, first, on a number of iTEP Academic. Online and on-demand English language evaluation for colleges and universities. Graded in 24 hours and backed by a team of ESL professionals, iTEP Academic has everything post secondary institutions need to make informed admissions and assessment decisions. Learn More. Purchase Your Test. Language is the main mode of communication between nursing instructor and student; however, whether it is the spoken word or written work, language often can become a major stumbling block. Language issues become even more complex when faculty members and students have different backgrounds and speak different languages or dialects. Language Regarded as New Zealand's founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a source of debate and controversy ever since 1840. The differences between the English- and Māori-language versions of the Treaty are at the heart of this debate. While the British maintained that Māori had ceded sovereignty via the Treaty, Māori heavily English language teaching has become a phenomenon in Southeast Asia, especially in Taiwan. English is taught as a second language and speaking English was quite acceptable in all locations, that in Korea, English is taught as a foreign language and the vast majority of the Korean population do not converse with each other in English English is now a global lingua franca, but was first a West Germanic language spoken in medieval England. Currently, this is the first language for the majority of the population in several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, a few Caribbean nations and New Zealand. There are about 375 million […] English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria and Singapore, where it is used for administration, broadcasting and education. In these countries English is a vital Vay Tiền Cấp Tốc Online Cmnd. English is commonly learned as a second language. The English language is spoken widely around the world, and it is now considered a global language. Approximately 360 million people speak the English language as a first language, and about one billion people in the world speak English as a second language. The language is the most taught in the world as a foreign language, and it is the official language of many international organizations like the United Nations. Publications like books and magazines written in English can be found in many countries all over the world. Of all the books published in the world, English literature accounts for about 28% of them. English Speakers By Country United States The United States has the most significant number of English speakers in the world with 283,160,411 speakers. English is an essential language in the United States with 32 states having it as their official language. Many jobs and businesses in the United States require knowledge of the English language. The English language is taught at all levels of schooling and is compulsory in all colleges and universities since it is a requirement for bachelor’s and associate’s degrees. India There are 125,344,736 English speakers in India, making India the country with the second largest number of English speakers. However, about 220,000 people speak English as the first language while the rest take it as a second language. The English language in India is a sure way to get white-collar jobs. Fluent English speakers in India are treated with respect since the language is mostly spoken in higher education platforms, the national media, and upper judiciary and corporate businesses. The majority of Indians speak what the older generation refer to as Baju English which is some broken English that may not be comprehensible to most native English speakers in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. Pakistan Pakistan has the third largest number of English speakers in the world at 108,036,049 speakers. The English spoken in Pakistan is a variation of the language and is called Pakistani English or Paklish. About 27% of the Pakistani population speaks English as a first language while 58% speak English as a second language. The Pakistani government uses policies that were set by the British of making English a language of the elite. The English language is a language of power in Pakistan as it is used in civil service, higher judiciary, universities, and prestigious radios and newspapers. English is taught at all levels of schooling in Pakistan. Classification of the English language The English language is classified as a Germanic language since it descends from the same origin as other languages in this group such as German and Swedish. These languages descend from Proto-Germanic, which is a set of dialects from North Sea Germanic. The modern English language first evolved from Proto-Germanic into Old English, which became middle English from around the 8th to the 12th century. The language then evolved from 1500 to 1700 to become early modern English, and by the 18th century, the British Empire promoted the spread of the English language around the world through its colonies. English Speakers By Country RankCountryEnglish Speakers 1United States283,160,4112India125,344,7363Pakistan108,036,0494Nigeria79,000,0005Philippines64,025,8906United Kingdom59,600,0007Germany46,272,5048Bangladesh30,108,0319Canada28,360,24010Egypt28,101,32511France23,000,00012Ghana18,000,00013Australia17,357,83314Thailand17,121,18715Italy17,000,00016South Africa16,424,41717Mexico15,686,26218Malaysia15,580,00019Netherlands15,030,00020Poland14,300,000 Home World Facts English Speakers By Country Multilingual And English As A Second Language Education In Formerly Colonized Nations In the United States, many people struggle with the idea of learning more than one language. Multilingual education is not a focus in the US, and is not seen as the necessity that it is in many other nations. Meanwhile, in former British colonies such as India, South Africa, and Nigeria; multilingual education allows people to keep a bond to their cultures while also serving as a uniting voice. Each of these regions has their own way of handling this education, and their own reasons why they approach multilingualism in the way they do. The unifying fact is that multilingualism is an important part of their education, cultural preservation, and economic progress. Why Is Multilingual Education Important? All of these nations have a shared history of being British colonies. As such, English many times became a language of both economic survival and necessity. English was declared to be the official languages of these countries, or would be declared bi-lingual with the dominant national language co-existing with English. In order to do business or participate in civic actions, you would have to be able to speak both languages in some capacity. Education systems were designed to teach a bi-lingual population, however in many cases this was limited only to the upper and upper middle classes. The lower classes were in many cases denied these opportunities as a matter of station, education was out of reach and so they only knew their local language with any fluency. This, of course, only served to stratify the class divide and benefited the wealthy and colonizers more than anyone. As time went on, each of these nations gained independence or had a transfer of power of some kind, and as such they faced the question of the future of their multilingual education. They each took different yet similar approaches that we will be taking a look at in this article. We will also be looking at the history of multilingualism in these regions and why it can be a cultural necessity as Encore!!! app is a tool that is developed to facilitate multilingual education, as such, we are very interested in taking a look at the different approaches and lessons that can be learned worldwide. We also want to see what lessons can be learned from these countries’ experiences. Multilingualism In India We are starting off by looking at the largest of these countries by population India. In India today the official languages are Hindi and English, and over 26% of the population is bilingual. Languages in India are complex, with 122 major languages and 1369 “rationalized mother tongues”. The Constitution of India recognizes 22 official regional languages as of 2011. The individual states of India are divided based on languages and social lines in most cases, and they can legislate their own official languages. This has some interesting effects where some regions have chosen minority languages as their official languages. The History Of English As A Second Language In India The history of the colonization of India is much too long of a story to address fully here. A shortened version of the story will say that many European nations made their way across the region looking to control trade, and after a long struggle with the Dutch, Britain ultimately laid claim to the nation. In 1858 India came under direct control of the British crown. English came as a language earlier with the East India Company, and as the era of British Crown rule began, schools across the country had been established that taught English as a main language. When India gained independence in 1947, the only common language across India was English. In the attempts to shake off the effects of colonization, attempts were made to make Hindi the sole national language. However, many of the states did not speak Hindi and it was decided that English would be temporarily retained as a second language. That temporary retention has moved to a more permanent status as English has had a change in its perception from colonizing language to a means for economic progress. Multilingual Education In India India has had an educational policy of trilingual learning since 1968. This policy means that in schools students are taught in their regional state language and have to study Hindi or English for their full education, as well as either a modern Indian language or a foriegn language for three to five years. This however does not always work in practice, and many English language schools teach a more English only education. Unfortunately, education is still restricted in many ways to the more elite in India. While compulsory education is provided to children from ages 6-14, many public schools are severely underfunded and private schools dominate the landscape in some areas. Meanwhile, in rural communities, educational completion rates are lower as well as the literacy rates. Currently, educational policy planning is looking towards focusing on teaching children in their mother tongue. As schools that teach in English only have trouble with most parents not being able to speak English. The divide between what a student speaks at home versus school causes problems with comprehension. The new focus on multilingual education can serve to help more students learn in a nation that has retained a resistance to a single common language. Focusing on teaching in the mother tongue of the student while they establish cognitive abilities, will help them to learn English and other languages better in later years. Multilingualism In Nigeria Nigeria’s official language is English and it is spoken as a second language by 60 million of the nation’s 200 million people. Along with English there are over 525 native spoken languages in Nigeria. English is a more popular language in the urban centers of the country, as it is a major force in global business and trade. Meanwhile, rural areas tend to use their ethnic / regional languages as a dominant language. Multilingualism has a more mixed perception in Nigeria than in some other countries. There are divides in perception with some feeling that the growing dominance of English is bad for the local languages and cultures, with another side of the discussion seeing multilingualism as fueling regional conflicts due to a lingual divide and arguing for a further assimilation into a national language such as Nigerian English. The History Of English As A Second Language In Nigeria Nigeria was formally colonized by the British Crown in 1900, though that was after 200 years of increasing British influence on the region. In 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the crown and English was established as the official language of the country. Nigerian English has become a nativized form of English and it has some unique elements that separates it from the British English from which it originated. Nigerian English has its own sets of grammatical, pronunciation, and spelling rules. It also has its own variations and levels of usage based on region and education. Multilingual Education In Nigeria The educational system in Nigeria has many of the same issues as India. Economic and social divides mean that poor students and those in rural areas do not have the same educational prospects as those from wealthier urbanized families. English is the official language and is used in business, entertainment, and is the dominant language in education; especially in higher education. However, a renewed look at how students learn is resulting in a discussion about students learning better when being taught in their native languages. This is resulting in policy discussions similar to India, where local languages are being seen as a link to better understanding and education. Multilingualism In South Africa South Africa has 35 indigenous languages of which 10 are considered official languages. English is the 11th and primary official language when it comes to governmental participation. English is only the 4th most common language in the country, spoken by just under 10% of the population; however it is the dominant language in government and media. Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans are the three most spoken languages. The History Of English As A Second Language In South Africa The original colonizers of South Africa were Dutch, and eventually their language became Afrikaans. However in the 1800’s, the British took control of the area and proclaimed English as a national language. The history of the languages of South Africa is the story of colonization, slavery, apartheid, oppression, and the struggles of its people. South African English is a variety of English spoken in the area, and it has closer ties to British English than a nativized counterpart like Nigerian English. This variety has its own sub varieties that, much like the history of the nation itself, is divided along class and racial lines. Multilingual Education In South Africa In South African schools, English is the preferred and primary language. This has been influenced heavily by parents and public perception that an English focused education is superior. Much like in the discussions for the previous countries, there is an abundance of policymakers looking at the research and understanding that education that starts in a student’s home language provides greater understanding and results. This could also help counter the growing concerns of speakers of languages such as Bantu, who are concerned about the loss of their language to English. Multilingual education is also increasing in popularity in higher education as well. Knowing that students need to be able to move into the world and communicate with people who do not speak English in their communities, as well as using the same research about students connecting with material in their home language, universities are encouraging this continued cultural connection. Encore!!! And Multilingual Education The Encore!!! app operates in much the same way as the educational plans that these countries are looking towards. When you are learning and relating via your home L1 language, you can much easier learn a second L2 language. As our world becomes more connected, the ability to be multilingual will become more and more important. While English is currently a dominant language in trade and international politics, other languages are starting to increase in power as well. Learning to communicate in more languages will help everyone participate in the global economy. At the same time, Encore can also help people to learn regional languages and communicate with people who do not speak English as fluently or even just allow people to connect with their own cultures better. Conclusion Multilingual education is increasing around the world. In many countries that were once English colonies, this means developing a better relationship with native languages as well as increasing education in English. Research shows that the connection between the two is strong, and focusing on a monolingual education in a place with diverse languages has more negative effects than positive. Many of these lessons are also applicable in the United States and Canada too. Pressures for immigrants to shed their native languages, and ESL classes that focus on only teaching English do not properly connect with students. Connecting with our cultures and home languages can help keep indigeonous languages alive, while also helping us to communicate with more people. India has two national languages for central administrative purposes. They are Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for official purposes. Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India. And these languages share many characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern states of India, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi, which has allowed English to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree. Since the early 1600s, the English has had a toehold on the Indian subcontinent, when the East India Company established settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from everyday usage of English. India has had a longer exposure to English than any other country which uses it as a second language, and its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture. In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of wider communication, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area Kachru 111. It overlaps with local languages in certain sphere of influence and in public domains. Generally, English is used among Indians as a link’ language and virtually it is the first language for many well educated Indians. It is the second language for many, who speak more than one language in India. The English language is a tie that helps bind the many segments of our society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the major countries of the world and India. English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the parliament, judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, and in the education system. One can find surrounded by English everywhere. One can see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving the students instructions during educational tour about where to meet and when their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that the language permeates daily life. It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially in the cities. The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has become the de facto standard. Learning English language has become popular for business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet communications throughout the world. English is a language that has become a standard not because it has been approved by any standards’ organization but because it is widely used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard. The call centre phenomenon has stimulated a huge expansion of internet-related activity making the future of India as a cyber-technological super-power. Modern communications, videos, journals and newspapers on the internet use English and have made knowing English’ indispensable. The prevailing view seems to be that unless the students learn English, they can only work in limited jobs. Those who do not have basic knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality jobs. They cannot communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of India’s rich social and cultural life. Men and women, who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, even if educated, are unemployable. They cannot make-up their children’s school home-works everyday and decide their revenue options of the future. Students’ refusal to take responsibility for learning English does not affect only their own welfare but their family members, the dependents and others too. The highest costs of the unreceptive attitude to the learning of English fall on those who do not learn English. It imposes high costs in unemployment benefits. The lack of effort in learning English and the general feeling of not being interested in learning the English language is a plague to the system. This abuse is what the English teachers should fight against. Those who recognise that learning English is their responsibility have plenty of opportunities to do so. Radio and television are good teachers. So are magazines. Students in their young age can pick up English quickly. They are the best fast learners, provided the preference to speak English at schools, colleges, universities, and what’s more at home is made compulsory. India is a nation without a collective, comprehensive, prescribed national language. Our nation had a tough decision when choosing a national language as English because English had an adversative language – Hindi. An attempt in 1965 to make Hindi the official national language failed when people from the southern part of India violently demonstrated against it. Because of the opposition of the south against Hindi, provision was made in the Constitution to extend the role of English as an additional language with Hindi to be used for official purposes until 1965. As a compromise, the Indian government recognized English as an associate official language, with Hindi the official language. Besides Hindi and English, twenty-two regional languages are recognized as official languages. At present, English is recognized as the official language in four states Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and in eight Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, National Capital Territory, and Delhi Languages of India. However, these states and territories are not united. Linguistic and religious differences are two main reasons for the divisions among the people of India. The English language is one of the means to preserving the diversity of the nation while bringing all of us together as a nation. English is an important unifying linguistic medium between the northern and southern states of India. Creating a national language is intended to help all Indians understand, and work together in peaceful existence. Speaking one language enhances the ability of groups of all backgrounds to communicate with one another. With a world that is becoming more connected, speaking a language that is used by the world will help all Indians. English is a language, which could broadly provide the fundamental elements, the important qualities and features of life. The purpose to promote to use English is to enhance competitiveness. There is a successful example using English as national language. As of 2000 the Chinese constitute of Singapore’s population and English is the national language. English related background and foundation offers Singapore to boaster things in order and is successful. English is increasingly becoming the international language as well. Our current society is developing multi-dimension. India needs to designate, without the slightest hesitation, its national language as English. Let review history, up to now, no language like English could dominate India so wide. Not only India but also worldwide more than two centuries. An appeal to every citizen of India is to think about the power of language and communication when we use English as national language. Definitely, a change will be remarkable in the future. In the English speaking world, India has a unique position. A decade ago, the United States of America was the country with the largest English speaking population. Today, India has taken over that status. In 1997, when the population of India was 97 crores, an India Today survey suggested that about a third of the population of India, that is around 32 crores, had the ability to carry on a conversation in English. And given the steady increase in English learning since 1997 in schools and among the upwardly mobile, the tinker, tailor, soldier, and sailor are also connected today it is at least 36 crores Crystal 101. As per the Central Intelligence Agency CIA report in July 2005, the population of India passed above 108 crores Worldfactbook. With roughly a third of its population, possessing English language capability, India has more people speaking the language than the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand combined. India currently has a special place in the English language record books, as the country with the largest English speaking population in the world. A positive attitude to English as a national language is essential to the integration of people into Indian society. There would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. Using English thereby you will almost be the worldwide citizen naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media. It has been used as a medium for inter-state communication and broadcasting both before and since India’s independence. India is, without a doubt, committed to English as a national language. The impact of English is not only continuing but increasing. In Shakespeare's time, the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million. According to linguist David Crystal, "Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I 1603 and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II 1952, this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million" The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2003. It's a common language used in international business, which makes it a popular second language for many. How Many Languages Are There? There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today. About 2,000 of them have fewer than 1,000 speakers. While the British empire did help spread the language globally it's only the third most commonly spoken language in the world. Mandarin and Spanish are the two most commonly spoken languages on Earth. From How Many Other Languages Has English Borrowed Words? English is jokingly referred to as a language thief because of it has incorporated words from over 350 other languages into it. The majority of these "borrowed" words are latin or from one of the Romance languages. How Many People in the World Today Speak English? Roughly 500 million people in the world are native English speakers. Another 510 million people speak English as a second language, which means that there are more people who speak English along with their native language than there are native English speakers. In How Many Countries Is English Taught as a Foreign Language? English is taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries. It's considered the language of business which makes it a popular choice for a second language. English language teachers are often paid very well in countries like China and Dubai. What Is the Most Widely Used English Word? "The form OK or okay is probably the most intensively and widely used and borrowed word in the history of the language. Its many would-be etymologists have traced it variously to Cockney, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Norwegian, Scots, several African languages, and the Native American language Choctaw, as well as a number of personal names. All are imaginative feats without documentary support." Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002 How Many Countries in the World Have English as Their First Language? "This is a complicated question, as the definition of 'first language' differs from place to place, according to each country’s history and local circumstances. The following facts illustrate the complexities "Australia, Botswana, the Commonwealth Caribbean nations, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Ireland, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have English as either a de facto or statutory official language. In Cameroon and Canada, English shares this status with French; and in the Nigerian states, English and the main local language are official. In Fiji, English is the official language with Fijian; in Lesotho with Sesotho; in Pakistan with Urdu; in the Philippines with Filipino; and in Swaziland with Siswati. In India, English is an associate official language after Hindi, and in Singapore English is one of four statutory official languages. In South Africa, English [is] the main national language—but just one of eleven official languages. "In all, English has official or special status in at least 75 countries with a combined population of two billion people. It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence." Penny Silva, "Global English." 2009

english has become a second language in countries like india